<p>Galešnjak  is located in the Pašman channel of the Adriatic, between the islands of Pašman and the town of Turanj on mainland Croatia. It is one of the worlds few naturally occurring heart-shaped objects such as the Heart Reef in the Whitsundays.</p><br>
<p>The island has a surface area of 0.132 km, with its beach measuring 1.55 km in length. The island features two peaks, the highest of which is 36 m high above sea level.</p><br>
<p>Galešnjak is privately owned and contains only wild plants and trees. Human activity recorded on this island are three known Illyrian burial mounds and remains of an ancient building&#39;s foundations.</p><br>
<p>The islands unusual shape was first recorded in the early 19th century by Napoleons cartographer Charles-François Beautemps-Beaupré, who included it in his 1806 atlas of the Dalmatian coast (kept today at the National and University Library in Zagreb).</p><br>
<p>The island was highlighted on Google Earth in February 2009, which brought the island to worldwide attention.</p><br>
<p>Recent activity on the island has created two large scars across the heart, one spanning the island from a pier on the north to the south, and the other to the west of it.</p><br>
<p>The Awanui River is a river in the far north of New Zealand, close to the point at which the Aupouri Peninsula joins the rest of the Northland Peninsula. The Awanui flows first west and then north, for a total of 30 km, before flowing into Rangaunu Harbour. The town of Kaitaia is along its banks. It was extensively dredged for navigation until 1960, with a busy river port at Awanui exporting butter via coastal scows to Auckland, for trans-shipping to the UK. Upstream of Awanui it was dredged, and in places straightened, for flood control. Regular cargo scows included the Coronation, Tiri and Kapuni. Because of their shallow draught these scows were often assisted around the river bends by the work launch Ann, piloted by Harbourmaster Thomas George  Walker and later by his son Thomas Frederick  Walker. This family also operated the marine radio station ZLNF Awanui Radio, located at Unahi near the mouth of the river.</p><br>
<p>Thomas Frederick Walker died in 1987 and the Harbour Master&#39;s position was taken on by his son, Thomas Christopher Walker</p><br>
<p>who still holds this position as of 2016. The position has been held by the Walker family for over 100 years.</p><br>
<p>The Clive River is a river in Hawke&#39;s Bay, New Zealand. At 33 km long, it is the shortest of the main rivers flowing through the Heretaunga Plains.</p><br>
<p>The Clive River occupies the former course of the Ngaruroro River, which in 1867 changed flow to its present course during major flooding.</p><br>
<p>Getting most of its drainage from irrigation ditches around the Heretaunga Plains, the river starts from the west of Flaxmere (just south of the Ngaruroro River), where it flows south-east, west of Hastings before making a sharp, right angle turn towards Havelock North. The river then flows north-east past Havelock North, where it is known as the Karamu Stream, and again flowing past Hastings, this time to the east of Hastings. The river finally turns in an east direction there it flows past the town of Clive and into the Pacific Ocean.</p><br>
<p>The Cust River is a river in the Canterbury Region of New Zealand. It flows east across the upper Canterbury Plains from its source north of the town of Oxford, New Zealand, flowing into the Cam River / Ruataniwha close to the town of Rangiora. The small town of Cust lies on the banks of the river. The lower part of the river, to the south-west of Rangiora, is diverted into a channel and called the "Main Drain". The channel was built in 1862 to drain the swampy land between Rangiora and the Waimakariri River, and when it was enlarged in 1868 it accidentally captured the Cust.</p><br>
<p>The river was named in 1849 after Sir Edward Cust, a member of the Canterbury Association.</p><br>
<p>Brown trout spawn in the river and are suitable for fishing in spring.</p><br>
<p>The Deception River is a river in New Zealand. It is a tributary of the West Coasts Otira River, flowing generally north for 17 km from its source on the slopes of Mount Franklin. It passes close to Goat Pass, which gives access to the Mingha River. Almost the entire length of the river is within the Arthurs Pass National Park.</p><br>
<p>The river was once called "Goat Creek". It was surveyed about 1900 as a possible alternative route for the Midland Line, and the surveyor warned that the water levels could be deceiving. About three months later, a flood from the river into the Otira Valley caused several thousand dollars&#39; worth of damage to the railway, and the river was given its current name.</p><br>
<p>The Department of Conservation maintains a tramping track alongside the river, and it is part of the annual Coast to Coast race. Backcountry huts are available for trampers; one near Goat Pass and another a little further down the river.</p><br>
<p>Shellpot Creek is a tributary of the Delaware River in northeast New Castle County, Delaware. The stream rises between Grubb Road and Shipley Road, south of Naaman&#39;s Road at in Brandywine Hundred and flows southeast for about six miles before discharging into the Delaware River at near Edgemoor. Prior to 1938, the stream drained into the Brandywine Creek, but was subsequently redirected to the Delaware River.</p><br>
<p>The watershed has a drainage area of nearly 15 square miles, and is the most suburbanized drainage area in the Piedmont Basin. New Castle County, the Calpine Edge Moor Power Plant, the former Chemours Edge Moor plant, Amtrak, and the City of Wilmington all discharge storm water into Shellpot Creek. During Tropical Storm Allison (1989), the creek flooded to record levels, with the flow rising from 1,300 gallons per minute to 3.6 millions of gallons per minute (or more than 8,000 cubic feet per second).</p><br>
<p>The name is likely derived from the Swedish Sköllpadde Fallet (meaning "Turtle Falls"), and has been historically known as "Schillpades", "Skilpot", and "Shilpot".</p><br>
<p>The Panachaiko , also known as Vodias  in the Middle Ages, is a mountain range in Achaea, southern Greece. It spans about 20 km in length from north to south, and 15–20 km from east to west. It is the northernmost mountain range in the Peloponnese. The highest point, named Palavou Pyrgos, is 1,926 m.</p><br>
<p>The mountain is home to two shelters, Greeces largest wind farm with 40 generators, which opened in 2006, and two communications stations. Snow is common in areas over 1,000 m in the winter. Paragliding is common in areas under 1,100 m. Due to overgrazing, frequent forest fires, and the appropriation of land for housing, the mountains ecology and soil have suffered greatly, to the extent that much of the soil is now barren or can only support herbaceous vegetation. The range is sparsely forested, mainly on its western and southern slopes, while the most fertile areas lie on the eastern and western slopes.</p><br>
<p>The Graham River is a river in the Marlborough Region of New Zealand. It arises to the south-east of Mount McCormick and flows north, then west, then north again, and into Whatamango Bay on the south side of Queen Charlotte Sound.</p><br>
<p>Part of the river valley was subdivided into residential sections in the 1950s. Some of the sections were built on in 2000. Because flooding occurred in the area in November 1994 and July 1998, and to a lesser extent in May 1995, the Marlborough District Council required minimum floor levels and imposed a disclaimer notice on residents.</p><br>
<p>Unexpected very heavy rain caused a flash flood on the Graham River on 17 February 2004. The rain also caused floods at Waikawa and Picton. Residential land was covered by deep and fast-flowing water. This was estimated to be a once-in-200-years event. Another flood occurred in 2005. The council agreed to remove gravel from the upper reaches of the river, because the gravel had been swept downriver during flooding and would reduce the river channel capacity.</p><br>
<p>The Grebe River is a river in Fiordland, New Zealand. It arises north-west of Lake Monowai in an area once part of the lake but cut off by an enormous landslide about 13,000 years ago. The river now flows north, between the Townley Mountains to the west, and the Hunter Mountains to the east, and into Lake Manapouri&#39;s South Arm. Its major tributaries are Jaquiery Stream, Florence Stream, Emerald Stream, and Percy Stream, all from the west.</p><br>
<p>Borland Road runs along much of the Grebe Valley to Lake Manapouri. It was built in 1963 to support a transmission line between the lake and Tiwai Point aluminium smelter. A tramping track runs from the northern end of Lake Monowai to the head of the Grebe and up to the road. The Department of Conservation maintains several huts for trampers in the area.</p><br>
<p>Whitewater kayaking/canoeing is possible on the last three km of the Grebe, from Percy Valley to Lake Manapouri.</p><br>
<p>The Bunker Hill Historic District is the center of the town of Bunker Hill, West Virginia. Today located on the road called US 11, the town was developed along the Martinsburg, West Virginia - Winchester, Virginia road. Bunker Hill served southern Berkeley County with three stores, six mills and five churches. It was also home to a significant African-American population.</p><br>
<p>Much of the land around Bunker Hill belonged to General Elisha Boyd, who built what amounted to an industrial village, with two mills, a brick-making operation, a cooperage and a store on part of his Edgewood Manor plantation. After General Boyd&#39;s death in 1841 his son John tried to develop the area as a town, selling some lots and building another store and a log house. The most southern lots in the town were sold to African-Americans, and represent an example of a segregated community in the post -American Civil War period, becoming known as "Black Row."</p><br>
<p>Significant contributing buildings include:</p><br>
<p>Boyd&#39;s Store: A brick pre-Civil War house.</p><br>
<p>Jesse Brilhart Store: Built circa 1852 and operating as a store into the 1980s. It retains its interior furnishings.</p><br>
<p>North Music School: A two story stone building.</p><br>
<p>&#39;Boyd House: A two story building resembling the Bunker Hill Store.</p><br>
<p>Bunker Hill Methodist Church: A Gothic Revival church built in 1912.</p><br>
<p>The Parsonage: Late Victorian Gothic in style, with some surviving trim details</p><br>
<p>Mount Tabor Baptist Church: A one story frame building, located on "Black Row."</p><br>
<p>New Presbyterian Church: Originally built in 1854, it was heavily damaged in the Civil War. It was rebuilt in 1879 in the Romanesque Revival style.</p><br>
<p>The district was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1980.</p><br>
<p>Petermann Glacier is a large glacier located in North-West Greenland to the east of Nares Strait. It connects the Greenland ice sheet to the Arctic Ocean near 81 degrees north latitude. It is named after the German cartographer August Heinrich Petermann</p><br>
<h2>Geography</h2><br>
<p>The tidewater glacier consists of a 70 km long and 15 km wide floating ice tongue whose thickness changes from about 600 m at its grounding line to about 30 - at its front. Rough mass balance estimates using these scales suggest that about 80% of its mass is lost as basal meltwater, yet little oceanographic data are available to connect Petermann Glacier to its fjord and adjacent Nares Strait. Even the sill depth and location is largely unknown as modern soundings of the fjord, with its mouth located between Cape Morton and Cape Tyson, are still lacking. Petermann Glacier marks the western limit of Hall Land.</p><br>
<h2>Satellite Imagery</h2><br>
<p>A series of satellite images from 2002 through 2009 illustrate that the terminus of the glacier has advanced towards the ocean, however, several lateral rifts have developed also. The distance of this rifts or cracks back from the terminus has diminished for this time period also and may serve as a precursor to natural ice calving from Petermann Glacier. A large chunk estimated to be 100 square miles calved off the glacier in August, 2010. The Danish Meteorological Institutes maintains an archive of imagery of Petermann Glacier and adjacent coastal areas of Greenland from both European and US satellites and sensors such as Envisat, MODIS, and AVHRR.</p><br>
<p>Data from Operation IceBridge show a 750 km long subglacial canyon running from the center of the island northward to the fjord of the Petermann Glacier. Dubbed "Greenland Grand Canyon" by media, the bottom is below sea level, and the canyon is likely to have influenced basal water flow from the ice sheet interior to the margin. The canyon predates ice sheet inception and has influenced basal hydrology in Greenland over past glacial cycles.</p><br>
<h2>Ship-Based Science Explorations 2003-2015</h2><br>
<p>The US Coast Guard icebreaker "USCGC Healy" entered the fjord on August 11, 2003 to survey bottom topography, ocean currents, and ocean chemistry as part of a larger program funded by the US National Science Foundation to better understand rates and mechanism by which Arctic sources of fresh water may impact the climate states of the North Atlantic. The program was continued as part of the Canadian International Polar Year projects when the CCGS Henry Larsen entered the fjord in 2007 and 2009.</p><br>
<p>In 2009, scientists aboard the Greenpeace ship Arctic Sunrise conducted multi-disciplinary measurements at Petermann glacier to document the of a large area of the glacier to obtain insight into glacier dynamics and to highlight glacier response to ongoing Arctic climate warming ahead of the Copenhagen summit.</p><br>
<p>During the summer of 2015, the Swedish icebreaker Oden served as the platform for the research carried out in the sea, on the glacier and on land. The purpose of the Swedish-American research expedition was to collect multibeam bathymetry and sub-bottom profile information along the western continental shelf of Greenland in order to characterize the shape of the seafloor and uppermost sediment properties. The main goal was to increase the understanding about potential pathways of relative warmer water influx towards Greenland’s many outlet glaciers. A program involving both seismic data acquisition, multibeam mapping, coring and seismic reflection profiling was conducted in order to study the past behaviour of the Petermann Glacier.</p><br>
<h2>Ice loss</h2><br>
<p>In August 2010, a giant iceberg measuring 260 km&sup2; broke off from the floating portion of Petermann Glacier reducing its area and volume by about 25% and 10%, respectively. Researchers from the Canadian Ice Service located the calving from NASA satellite images taken on August 5; Patrick Lockerby re-posted cropped NASA images with interpretations on the internet the same day. It was the largest Arctic iceberg to calve since 1962, however, it is unclear whether the event was related to global warming or not. The Select Committee on Energy Independence and Global Warming of the US House of Representatives held hearings on Petermann Glacier and the Greenland icesheet within days of the 2010 break-up.</p><br>
<p>The National Ice Center named the new iceberg, the Petermann Ice Island (2010) to differentiate it from a similar calving event two years earlier which produced Petermann Ice Island (2008). That island was tracked by the Canadian Ice Service for over a year as it travelled out into Nares Strait and south through Baffin Bay before losing contact with the remnants in Frobisher Bay in July 2009.</p><br>
<p>On July 15/16 2012, a 130 km&sup2; piece (about twice the area of Manhattan), calved from the northern tip of the glacier. A long crack at the site had been observed by NASA satellites for several years prior to the split.</p><br>
<h2>Recent developments</h2><br>
<p>The Peterman glacier has grown several kilometers in length since 2012. The development can be seen on NASA Satellite Imagery.</p><br>
<p>A new crack was seen in 2017.</p><br>
<p>The Pastures Historic District is a residential neighborhood located south of downtown Albany, New York, United States. Its 17 acre include all or part of a 13-block area.</p><br>
<p>It was originally an area set aside as communal pasture by Albanys city council in the late 17th century and deeded to the Dutch Reformed Church. As the city began to grow following its designation as New Yorks state capital a century later, it was subdivided into building lots, some of which were developed with small rowhouses. Many open areas remain today, and the houses have not been significantly altered. In 1972 the city designated it as a historic district and it was listed on the National Register of Historic Places. All but two buildings in the district are considered historic.</p><br>
<p>One of Albanys busiest neighborhoods in the 19th century, the area fell into decline during the third quarter of the 20th as citizens left the city for the suburbs. Instead of the wholesale demolition of that eras urban renewal programs, the city government attempted to preserve and revitalize the area,</p><br>
<p>evacuating the residents for years and demolishing some properties, a move that has been criticized as destroying the neighborhood as a standard urban renewal project would have. A recent mortgage fraud scandal has affected the neighborhood also, but it has once again become a diverse, fully occupied neighborhood.</p><br>
<h2>Geography</h2><br>
<p>The Pastures Historic District is located on the south side of the South Mall Expressway that leads traffic from the Dunn Memorial Bridge over the Hudson River into Empire State Plaza, the modernist complex that houses New York&#39;s state government offices. The area is almost flat, rising minimally away from the river, in contrast to the Mansion Historic District, which rises up the slope to the west.</p><br>
<p>The district boundary is described as Madison Avenue on the north, South Ferry Street on the south, Dongan and Green streets on the east and South Pearl Street (NY 32) on the west. Bleeker, Franklin, Herkimer, John, South Lansing and Westerlo between South Pearl and Green are within the district. The actual boundary was not clarified by the city and state until 12 years after the district was listed, and does not follow those streets completely, excluding some more modern properties and areas where demolitions took place.</p><br>
<p>As defined in 1984, no property that actually fronts on South Pearl is within the district. All the properties along the south side of Madison are included, as are those on the west side of Green. Just south of Herkimer the three properties on the east side of Green are within the boundary, and then one block south of South Lansing it takes in the rows on the east side again as well as the north side of Westerlo.</p><br>
<p>The entire block with the now-closed St. John&#39;s Roman Catholic Church is included, and the boundary follows Dongan to the South Ferry corner, where it turns west to follow that street. As at the northern end, all properties along the north side of South Ferry are within the district. It excludes the lot at the corner of South Pearl and follows the rear lines of houses on South Ferry to Franklin Street, leaving out not only the newer buildings along South Pearl but the parking lots behind them as well. It follows the property lines along Westerlo west of Franklin to include the houses on both sides of that street, then returns to Franklin again.</p><br>
<p>All the houses on both sides of Herkimer between Franklin and South Pearl are within the boundary. The parking lot that was once the western block of Bleeker is outside the district, and then the boundary returns to the rear lot lines along Madison.</p><br>
<p>There are 112 buildings in this 17-acre (7 ha) area. Only two are not considered contributing properties to the district&#39;s historic character. Many of the buildings are rowhouses in the Federal and Greek Revival styles. They do not fully cover their lots, leaving a considerable amount of open space in the district. Some of it is taken up by off-street parking, some of it is left undeveloped as lawns and parks, and a tennis court has been built on John Street between Franklin and Green (complemented by two others just outside the district).</p><br>
<p>The only non-residential properties are three institutions: the former St. Johns Church, its school and a synagogue. School No. 15, the only educational building in the district, burned down in 1979, during the citys attempts to revitalize the neighborhood.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The Pastures was made available for development not long after American independence, but took a while to become a popular building location. Three-quarters of its buildings were constructed between 1815 and 1855. Some were later demolished during the 1970s.</p><br>
<h3>17th and 18th centuries</h3><br>
<p>The Dutch colonists who founded what became Albany in the mid-17th century set aside this land, outside the citys stockade, as common pasture. In 1687, the year after Albany became an English colonial city and received its charter, the city council donated the land to the Dutch Reformed Church. The land remained in the churchs hands, used as pasture, for almost a century.</p><br>
<p>What is today South Pearl Street was the only route to, or through, the area. It was a path used to take cattle to graze and was known as "Cow Street" occasionally for that reason. Modest homes were built along it north of the stockade after the death of the original landowner in 1766. When George Washington supposedly used it to visit the Schuyler Mansion in 1783, the street became Washington Street.</p><br>
<p>After the Revolutionary War and independence, the city urged the church to subdivide the land into building-sized lots and sell them for development. This took place slowly, mainly along the main streets. The early settlers of the area, the city&#39;s first growth outside of its stockade, were mostly wealthy families who built in the Federal style popular in the early republic.</p><br>
<h3>19th century</h3><br>
<p>Spencer Stafford, a successful merchant, built 100 Madison Avenue in 1808. It remains the oldest building in the district and one of the oldest in the city. The nearby house at 96 Madison, built three years later, was considered the most elegant private home in the city at that time. Four of the six houses on the row next to it at 82–94 Madison, built after another three years, in 1814, were owned by Union College founder Dudley Walsh. Citizens of more modest means also settled in the Pastures. There were homes of tradesmen, craftsmen and free African Americans as well.</p><br>
<p>In the next two decades, stone yards were opened at several locations in the future district. Middle-class citizens continued settling there, joined by carpenters and builders who bought several lots at once, put up a row, lived in one unit and rented out the others. The houses they built, many of which survive on South Ferry between Franklin and Green, introduced the third story, gabled roof and dormer windows to the neighborhood. Joseph C. Yates lived at 96 Madison while he served as governor.</p><br>
<p>As building continued into the late 1830s and 1840s, houses reflected an austere Greek Revival style. They were mostly brick laid in Flemish bond primarily, with running and American bond appearing more. Plain pilasters flanked the recessed entrances, with little ornament on the front facades. Newer roofing materials and methods made flat roofs possible. Some frame stores, most since demolished, were constructed in the neighborhood.</p><br>
<p>The years before, during and after the Civil War were the last for large-scale building within the Pastures. The neighborhood was getting built up, such that a school was built, and other, newer areas of the city were available. Most new rowhouses replaced earlier frame buildings, with 51–55 Westerlo Street the only significant new grouping. Mixed-use development began to appear, with new houses having commercial space on the first story and living space above. Ornate storefronts survive at 79 South Ferry and 104 Madison. Older houses also saw their facades updated with timely decorations like bracketed cornices, metal lintels and ornate friezes. Third stories were added to some flat-roofed buildings.</p><br>
<p>There are a few scattered houses from around the district postdating this period. The ornate brickwork at 77 Westerlo, dating to 1886, stands out in its neighborhood. On the other extreme, the austerity of 68 and 70 Westerlo reflects vernacular applications of early 20th century styles. The greatest change to the district in this period was the conversion of some residences on Madison west of Franklin into stores.</p><br>
<h3>20th century</h3><br>
<p>In the first decade of the new century, a Roman Catholic Church and synagogue were built in the district. The Gothic Revival stone towers of St. John&#39;s, at 140 Green Street, began looming over the district in 1903, along with its neighboring school. The brick Beth El Jacob following in 1907 at 76 Herkimer Street. The neighborhood was complete now.</p><br>
<p>Pastures storefronts became known for their jazz bars, and as Albanys red-light district, in the early 20th century. In 1940, 76 Westerlo Street became the youngest contributing property in the future historic district. During the war years, the Pastures remained a thriving, socioeconomically and ethnically diverse neighborhood.</p><br>
<p>In the 1950s, suburbanization began, and affluent Albanians began leaving. The construction of Empire State Plaza during the 1960s displaced more residents, and the citys central areas, including the Pastures began showing signs of urban decay. Late in the decade, the citys new Historic Resources Commission designated the area the Pastures Preservation District and got it listed on the Register in 1972.</p><br>
<p>Having recognized the areas historic character and importance, the city had big plans for the area. The Democratic political machine of Daniel P. OConnell mostly eschewed the federal Title I funds for the massive urban renewal programs of the era, since they wanted to retain control of patronage. With what money they did have, they chose a plan that would, they hoped, "revitalize" the neighborhood and preserve what had been recognized as special about it. They moved residents out, temporarily they hoped, while selected decrepit buildings were demolished and new ones built in sympathetic styles. Nearly half of all the buildings in the district were demolished, the rest "mothballed" without heating.</p><br>
<p>While the neighborhood was vacant, the city sought a developer willing to take on the whole area. Individuals who approached with plans to buy and restore one or two houses at a time, and live there when finished, were turned away while the buildings remained empty and decayed further, some of them succumbing to arson, including the school.</p><br>
<p>By 1980 the city reduced its expectations and looked only for developers for whole blocks, not the neighborhood. Half of the finished units would have to rented to low-income families. Eventually the Pastures was repopulated, but to some critics the damage to both its human and architectural character had been done. "The real place ceased to exist when its last resident was trundled off to a distant housing project", urbanist Roberta Brandes Gratz wrote a quarter-century later. She calls the Pastures project "a vivid example of the inappropriateness of Historic Preservation as The Answer". Some of the buildings have, she notes, been incorrectly restored and "the area looks more like a sanitized suburban enclave... than an urban neighborhood".</p><br>
<h3>21st century</h3><br>
<p>By the early 21st century the neighborhood had fully repopulated again, and the city&#39;s planning commissioner noted the "mix of incomes and occupations that we strive for in our city neighborhoods." Many units had been set aside as Section 8 affordable housing, and small businesses had moved into the area. 96 Madison is now a bed and breakfast. Residents like its walkability and proximity to downtown, with one even comparing it to Greenwich Village.</p><br>
<p>The neighborhood seemed to be getting over its recent past when another redevelopment-related setback occurred. At the beginning of the century, Aaron Dare, former head of the Northeast New York chapter of the Urban League, began filing falsified mortgage applications for a variety of Albany properties, including Historic Pastures Village Apartments, through his company, Emerge Real Properties. He and his co-conspirators made it appear that they had the capital to borrow from the Department of Housing and Urban Development (HUD) to buy the properties. After the closing, he failed to repay the loans and they quickly went into default, forcing HUD to foreclose. He was eventually investigated and arrested. In 2006 he pleaded guilty to various charges of conspiracy and fraud. Two years later he was sentenced to 63 months in prison and ordered to pay almost $2 million in restitution to his victims.</p><br>
<p>The A.W. Patterson House is a historic house in Muskogee, Oklahoma. Located at the intersection of 14th Street and West Okmulgee, it is situated at the crest of a hill near the western edge of the downtown Muskogee neighborhood. It was built in 1906, before Oklahoma achieved statehood in 1907. It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1984.</p><br>
<p>It includes Richardsonian Romanesque features: massive quality of the limestone rock wall finish, "cavernous door and porch openings, and occasional band of straight-topped windows", and several Richardsonian-type arches with</p><br>
<p>voussoirs.</p><br>
<h2>NRHP Application discussion</h2><br>
<p>This was one of five historic residences in a group that was nominated on the same application, which was titled, "TerritorialHomes of Muskogee." The houses in this group include:</p><br>
<p>A. C. Trumbo House,</p><br>
<p>J.C. Welch House,</p><br>
<p>A. W. Patterson Home,</p><br>
<p>Coss Home, and</p><br>
<p>Murphy Home.</p><br>
<p>All of these houses were built in the same time period (1904-1907), shortly before the end of the Indian Territorial Period. They are all in good condition and continue in service as residences. There have been no alterations significant enough to disturb their historic character.</p><br>
<p>The thematic nomination of Territorial Homes of Muskogee is significant because: (1) their historic association with five of the most prominent businessmen and influential community leaders in Muskogee during the latter stages of-the Indian Territory era and the first decade of Oklahoma statehood, and (2) although the homes were constructed within the same general time frame (1904-1907), and within the same neighborhood (1300-1400 blocks of West Okmulgee and West Broadway), each has unique and individual qualities expressed in their design, decorative elements, and construction materials. they are some of the best examples of high sityle architecture in northeastern Oklahoma which have retained their original character and fabric.</p><br>
<h2>Description</h2><br>
<p>The home was designed by McKibban & McKibban, an architectural firm which designed many of Muskogee&#39;s early commercial buildings. It is three stories high, with rooms on the two lower floors. The third floor was an attic, but is now used for storing boxes. House dimensions are about 55 feet by 85 feet. Total area is about. The exterior is finished with limestone laid in coursed ashlar fashion. The roof is gently pitchedseveral Richardsonian Romanesque qualities including a limestone rock coursed ashlar wall finish, a round arched entryway and round arched window surrounds, and the low-pitched red clay tile-covered hip roof with cross gables in front. The heavy stone arches utilized limestone quarried from Carthage, Missouri. It was built with four covered porches, including the main south entry, the north side entry from the detached garage, and two interior covered porches, one which spreads the entire width of the home on the east side, overlooking downtown Muskogee to the east. There is also a covered porch on the second floor of the south side. The open, covered porch on the east side of the home had its own source of water supply and was large enough to accommodate a full-sized hammock, surrounded by five half-moon arched open window areas.</p><br>
<p>The large foyer inside the main entry door on the south side has dual sidelight clear lead-glass windows with beveled panes behind carved stone benches which straddle the front porch. This porch, with nearly a dozen steps up to the front door is the scene of many historical family photos and group photos for civic and social organizations within the city.</p><br>
<p>The house has a full walkout basement with several separate rooms. A detached garage, about 25 feet by 45 feet is about 10 feet from the northeast corner of the house.</p><br>
<h2>Ownership history</h2><br>
<h3>Original owner</h3><br>
<p>The Patterson home was the home of two prominent Muskogee businessmen. A. W. Patterson was co-founder of the Bank of Muskogee in 1901 which later was renamed the Muskogee National Bank and he served as its president until 1918. Patterson was the driving force in promoting the Arkansas River as a navigable body of water and was the instrumental figure in the construction of Muskogee&#39;s Convention Hall which was the site of the Trans-Mississippi Commercial Congress held in 1907. Patterson lived in the home until his death in 1916. His widow remained there until she died in 1934.</p><br>
<h3>Second owner</h3><br>
<p>In 1941, the home was purchased from the Pattersons daughters by L. R. Kershaw, one of Muskogees community leaders. Kershaw was active in local politics, was an experienced lawyer, banker, farmer, rancher and court-appointed receiver for over a dozen National Banks before and during the Great Depression. One of the banks which he served as the receiver for, as an appointee by the Comptroller of the Currency, was the merged Muskogee National Bank and the Security National Bank of Muskogee. He was one of the original founders of the Eastern Oklahoma Electric Traction Company, and gained national notability as a breeder of registered Aberdeen-Angus cattle during the 1920s, 30s and 40s and he also developed numerous residential subdivisions in the city. The home remained in the Kershaw family until 1973, or four years after the death of L. R. Kershaw.</p><br>
<p>When Dr. Phil Couch visited Muskogee in 1978 to see whether he wanted to establish a practice in the city. He happened to drive by the Patterson House and quickly fell in love with it, but learned it was not for sale. The third owners, Sam and Mary Lou Caldwell, were still living there. Disappointed, the Couches still agreed that Phil should open a practice in Muskogee. After they moved to the city in 1979, they learned that the Patterson home would be on the market soon. So, they rented an apartment, and bought the house as soon as it became available in 1979.</p><br>
<p>The home was listed on the National Register of Historic Places, by the National Park Service, in 1984 as property #84003322.</p><br>
<p>The Couches admit that the house needed some major upgrades serve their own needs. This included:</p><br>
<p>replacing all plumbing and wiring</p><br>
<p>adding heating and airconditioning for the basement and all of the three stories</p><br>
<p>adding insulation to the house (there was none initially)</p><br>
<p>They are happy with the result.</p><br>
<p>The Alfred Ernest Ice Shelf is an ice shelf on the north-west part of Ellesmere Island, Canada. This ice mass is one of four remaining ice shelves on the island.</p><br>
<p>This ice shelf lies between Alert Point and Cape Woods on the Wootton Peninsula. The Alfred Ernest Ice Shelf is regarded as a composite ice shelf that is composed of an inner unit of glacial origin and a trunk glacier originating from sea ice.</p><br>
<p>Some time around 1955, a section of the ice shelf broke off. It is now called the ARLIS-II ice island.</p><br>
<h2>Further reading</h2><br>
<p>* Glaciers of North America - Canada, Satellite Image Atlas of Glaciers of the World, U.S.G.S. Professional Paper 1386 – J – 1, pg J111 – J143</p><br>
<p>* Carsten Braun, Douglas R. Hardy, and Raymond S. Bradley, Journal of Geophysical Research, Vol 109, (2004). Surface mass balance of the Ward Hunt Ice</p><br>
<p>* Rise and Ward Hunt Ice Shelf, Ellesmere Island, Nunavut, Canada, Roy M. Koerner</p><br>
<p>* Earth Observatory, by: Nasa Were a Part of the Earths Enterprise</p><br>
<p>* Jiancheng Zheng, Akira Kudo, David A. Fisher, Erik W. Blake and M. Gerasimoff, The Holocene 8, 4 (1998) pg. 413 – 421, Solid electrical conductivity (ECM) from four, Agassiz ice cores, Ellesmere Island NWT, Canada: high-resolution signal and noise over the last millennium and low resolution over the Holocene</p><br>
<p>Lake Hayward is a natural spring-fed lake situated just north of Devil&#39;s Hopyard State Park in the northeastern corner of East Haddam, Connecticut and is bordered by the towns of Colchester and Salem.</p><br>
<p>Lake Hayward, once known as Long Pond (by the native tribes who inhabited its shores) and then Shaw Lake, is named for Nathaniel Hayward. In 1838, Charles Goodyear, of the Goodyear Tire and Rubber Company, and Nathaniel Hayward were partners in a rubber mill which operated in Massachusetts. In 1847 after breaking away from Goodyears company, Mr. Hayward established a factory in Colchester, Connecticut to manufacture shoes. Mr. Hayward remained in Colchester, Connecticut until his death in the 1860s. During the time he was residing in Colchester, he purchased land for hunting along Shaws pond on the north east edge of East Haddam, Connecticut, where a grist mill was operating. After Nathaniel Haywards death, Shaw&#39;s Pond was renamed Lake Hayward in his honor, as well as Hayward Avenue in Colchester.</p><br>
<p>Lake Hayward is approximately 1.5 mi long and 0.5 mi wide. Its surface area is 174 acre, and its elevation is 348 ft above sea level. The lake has an average depth of 11 ft and a maximum depth of 37 ft.</p><br>
<p>The lake has four private beaches and does not allow motorboats with gasoline engines. The western side of the lake is overseen and monitored by the local homeowners association, the Property Owners Association of Lake Hayward (POALH). There are both year-round and summer homes in the area.</p><br>
<p>Campbellton is a house near Gerrardstown, West Virginia built circa 1800 by James Campbell. Campbell, who was born in Ireland in 1744, arrived in America with his father in 1753, settling in Berkeley County, West Virginia in 1762. Campbell built a store on the property in 1780, along with a complex of accessory buildings, before building the main house.</p><br>
<p>The main house is a two-story structure of coursed rubble limestone. The two-story house is five bays wide. A rear kitchen ell was demolished due to deterioration, but was reconstructed in 1975 in a manner sympathetic to the main house. in 1975. The main block is a center-hall plan, with two rooms to each side of the stair hall. Outbuildings include the store, which retains its original shelving. An 1802 barn completes the ensemble.</p><br>
<p>The house was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1980.</p><br>
<p>Mortimer Forest is a forest on the Shropshire/Herefordshire border in England, near the town of Ludlow. It covers a hilly terrain, including the marilyn of High Vinnalls which rises to 375 m.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>Mortimer Forest was an ancient hunting forest, like similar areas including Bircher Common. According to the Forestry Commission, it is a remnant of the ancient Saxon hunting forests of Mocktree, Deerfold and Bringewood. Remains of this ancient battleground include a castle mound that was owned by powerful Marcher lords, who had considerable fortified bases at Wigmore and Ludlow. The name of the forest derives from the Mortimers, who were Marcher lords.</p><br>
<p>Natural history includes very old limestones and shales laid down by the sea some 400 million years ago.</p><br>
<h3>Location</h3><br>
<p>Mortimer Forest is located on the county boundary of Shropshire and Herefordshire, in the West Midlands region of England. The OS positioning is: SO480730, it is near the town of Ludlow, which is on the A49 road.</p><br>
<h3>Climate</h3><br>
<p>Mortimer Forest has typical forest climate, with lower-than-average light levels and a slightly cooler temperature. It is also in a hilly part of England, meaning it has a damp climate.</p><br>
<h3>Geology</h3><br>
<p>The limestones and shales of Mortimer Forest are around 400 million years old, making them round the Silurian/Ordivician age. Fossils are common in the Mortimer Forest, especially corals, trilobites and shells. This indicates that at one time the Mortimer Forest area was underwater.</p><br>
<h2>Tourism</h2><br>
<p>Mortimer Forest is owned by the Forestry Commission, who have done a number of things to facilitate tourists, including a website, signage, picnic tables, car parks, and laying out walking tracks for different fitness abilities.</p><br>
<p>National Cycle Network route 44 passes through, en route between Ludlow and Leominster. Also passing through the area is the Mortimer Trail, a long-distance footpath.</p><br>
<p>Fore Street in Chard, Somerset, England was built in the late 16th and early 17th century, following a fire which destroyed much of the town in 1577.</p><br>
<p>Fore Street is a main shopping street and thoroughfare with open water channels on either side. Local folklore claims that one stream eventually flows into the Bristol Channel and the other reaches the English Channel. This situation changed when the tributary of the Axe was diverted into the Isle; the gutter in Holyrood Street, though, still flows into the River Axe and therefore it is still true it lies on the watershed and that two gutters eventually drain into the Bristol Channel and the English Channel.</p><br>
<p>Numbers 7A,7B,9,11,13 & 13A Waterloo House and Manor Court House have been designated as Grade I listed buildings. They are now on the Heritage at Risk register. The Hamstone Waterloo House and Manor Court House were built in the late 16th or early 17th century. The history of the buildings is complex and not fully understood, although it is known that it was used as a court house at various periods. Worries about the condition of the buildings, and others in the row from 7 to 13 Fore Street, and the need for their preservation. has been expressed throughout the 20th century.</p><br>
<p>In 2010 when the Manor Court House, where Charles I signed a peace declaration during the English Civil War, was added to the Heritage at Risk register one local trader complained that not enough was being done to maintain and conserve the building. Waterloo Court was buillt in the 16th centuiry as a house, it has since been converted into a shop with a flat above it.</p><br>
<p>In 1834 a corn exchange and Guildhall was built with a doric portico with a double row of Tuscan columns along the front. It was built on the site of an earlier 16th century guildhall and now serves as the town hall.</p><br>
<p>Chard Museum is housed in a 16th-century thatched building which was originally four cottages. The building was converted and restored for use as a museum in 1970, and later incorporated the building next door which had been the New Inn public house. It houses collections of exhibits about local history and displays related to the lives of notable local residents.</p><br>
<p>The L shaped school building was built in 1538 as a private house and converted into a grammar school in 1671. It was damaged in the fire if 1727. It is a Grade II* listed building. In 1890 it became a boarding school and then in 1972 a preparatory school. Monmouth House, which was built between 1770 and 1790, and the 16th century chapel, are also now part of the school.</p><br>
<p>Pubs include the Dolphin Inn, which was built in 1840 and the George Hotel which was constructed in the late 18th century. The Weslyan Methodist Chapel was built in 1895 from Flemish bond brick.</p><br>
<p>The branch of Lloyds Bank was built as a house on the site of the Chard Arms Hotel in 1849. The branch of National Westminster Bank was two houses when it was constructed around 1820. In 1938 a bomb proof bunker was built behind the branch of the Westminster Bank. During World War II it was used to hold duplicate copies of the bank records in case its headquarters in London was destroyed. It was also used to store the emergency bank note supply of the Bank of England. There has also been speculation that the Crown Jewels were also stored there, however this has never been confirmed.</p><br>
<p>In 1991 the town council commissioned bronze sculpture from Neville Gabie which were erected in Fore Street they are entitled Ball and Whirl. An album detailing the work and its commissioning is held by the Chard Museum.</p><br>
<p>Merir or Melieli is a small outlying island of the Palau group, in the western Pacific Ocean. The island measures 0.90 km² and is uninhabited. There is an abandoned village in the north-west of the island which previously hosted a radio station.</p><br>
<p>The island itself is covered with trees but it is surrounded by a beach around which is a lagoon. Outside this, the whole is surrounded by a coral reef and the open ocean.</p><br>
<p>Together with the islands of Sonsorol and Fanna, which are 110 km to the north-west, and the island of Pulo Anna 50 km away, Merir forms the state of Sonsorol in the republic of Palau.</p><br>
<p>The first recorded sighting of Merir by the Europeans was by the Spanish missionary expedition commanded by Sargento Mayor Francisco Padilla on board of the patache Santísima Trinidad in November 1710.</p><br>
<p>Barbana is a small island located at the northern end of the Grado Lagoon, near Trieste in north-east Italy. It is the site of the Santuario di Barbana, an ancient Marian shrine, whose origins date back to 582 when Elia, the Patriarch of Aquileia, built a church near the hut of a hermit from Treviso named Barbanus. The island, which can be easily reached by ferry from nearby Grado, is populated by a small community of Franciscan friars.</p><br>
<h2>History of the shrine</h2><br>
<p>The foundation of the shrine originates from an image of the Virgin Mary carried in by the sea and found at the foot of an elm after a fierce storm. At that time the site was part of the mainland; the Grado Lagoon was formed between the 5th and 7th centuries.</p><br>
<p>From the foundation to around 1000, Barbana became an island and the shrine was served by a community of monks unique to the island, called the Barbitani. The original church was destroyed by floods and rebuilt. The image of Mary, too, was lost and in the 11th century was replaced by a wooden statue known as the Madonna mora. This Black Madonna is now housed in the Domus Mariae (House of Mary), a chapel near the main church.</p><br>
<p>In the 11th century, the care of the shrine was entrusted to Benedectine monks, who served there until the 15th century. They were succeeded by a Franciscan community who built a new church in the 18th century.</p><br>
<h2>Art and architecture</h2><br>
<p>The modern church was built in the Romanesque style at the beginning of the 20th century. Ancient remains include two Roman columns from the first church, and a 10th-century relief portraying Jesus. The crowned statue of Mary dates from the 15th century, while the 17th century is represented by several altars and paintings, including one from the school of Tintoretto.</p><br>
<p>In the wood near the church a small chapel (the Cappella dell&#39;apparizione) was built in 1854 in the place where the original image of Mary was found.</p><br>
<p>The baptismal font of the church is supported by a figure of the Devil, sculpted in red marble. It is the work of Claudio Granzotto, a Franciscan friar and noted religious artist of the mid-20th century. He has been beatified by the Catholic Church and is being considered for canonization.</p><br>
<h2>Pilgrimages</h2><br>
<p>Barbana is the destination of many pilgrimages, the most famous being the Perdon de Barbana which is held each July to celebrate the end of a visitation of the plague in Grado in 1237.</p><br>
<p>The House of Peace Synagogue is a former synagogue of the Beth Shalom Congregation in Columbia, South Carolina. It was originally located at 1318 Park Street. After the congregation moved in the 1935, the building was used for the Big Apple Club, which was an African-American night club. It was named to the National Register of Historic Places on August 28, 1979. In the early 1980s, the building was moved to its present location at the southeast corner of Hampton and Park Streets. In 1993, it was purchased by the Historic Columbia Foundation and is called the Big Apple.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The first Jewish congregation in Columbia, Sharit Israel, met on Assembly Street. Their building was destroyed in the burning of Columbia in the Civil War. The Jewish community diminished after the war until Eastern European immigrants arrived later in the century. In 1896, the Reform Tree of Life synagogue was built. Because of religious differences, the Orthodox Jews in Columbia separated. In 1907, the Orthodox minyan met at a house at Park and Lady Streets that served as their first synagogue. They received a state charter in 1912. This first synagogue was destroyed in a fire in 1915. The new synagogue was built at the site. By the late 1920s, they had outgrown this facility. They moved to their third synagogue on 1719 Marion Street in early 1935. The congregation&#39;s synagogue is now at 5827 North Trenholm Road.</p><br>
<p>The second synagogue on Park Street was then used for the African-American night club called the Big Apple Club. At the club, a dance craze, which was named the Big Apple, was popularized. Students from the University of South Carolina, who paid to watch from a balcony, learned the dance steps. Some of these students took the dance to the Roxy Club in New York in 1937. From there, the dance was briefly popular across the country.</p><br>
<p>After its use as a night club, the building was used by various commercial establishments. At the time of the preparation of the National Register of Historic Places nomination, it was used by a heating and air conditioning company. In the early 1980s, it was moved nearly two blocks to the corner of Hampton and Park Streets. In 1993, it was purchased by the Historic Columbia Foundation. It has been restored and is available for rental for special occasions.</p><br>
<h2>Architecture</h2><br>
<p>The Big Apple building is two-story, wooden building with a metal gabled roof. At its Park Street site, it was on a raised brick basement. Built for a congregation that was largely Polish and Russian immigrants, it is an example of Eastern Jewish architecture.</p><br>
<p>The entrance to the building is in a projecting central bay. The door is flanked by wooden pilasters and sidelights under a large arch with stained glass windows. On each side of the arch is a pair of tall narrow, stained glass windows with horseshoe arches. The sides of buildings have five windows with horseshoe arches. Some of have been modified. The sides have pedimented gables with a rondelle.</p><br>
<p>The interior has central recessed dome. When it was the Big Apple Club, the dome had neon lights shaped like the crescent moon and shooting stars. There is a balcony on the front side of the building. This was the spectator&#39;s gallery during operation as the night club.</p><br>
<p>Aberfoyle River, a watercourse that is part of the Clarence River catchment, is located in the New England and Northern Tablelands districts of New South Wales, Australia.</p><br>
<h2>Course and features</h2><br>
<p>Aberfoyle River rises on the slopes of the Great Dividing Range, at Llangothlin, north of Guyra, and flows generally south southeast, east southeast, northeast, and east northeast, joined by three minor tributaries towards its confluence with the Guy Fawkes River, below Chaelundi Mountain, within Guy Fawkes River National Park. The river descends 971 m over its 115 km course.</p><br>
<p>The Devils Chimney in the Aberfoyle River gorge was declared an Aboriginal Place on 8 August 1980. An Aboriginal Place is an area of special significance to Aboriginal culture and declaration provides recognition of the significance of the area and its heritage values which relate to traditions, observances, customs, beliefs or history of Aboriginal people.</p><br>
<p>Barnard River, a perennial river of the Manning River catchment, is located in the Northern Tablelands and Mid North Coast districts of New South Wales, Australia.</p><br>
<h2>Course and features</h2><br>
<p>Barnard River rises on the eastern slopes of the Great Dividing Range, near Hanging Rock, east of Nundle, and flows generally east southeast, joined by seven tributaries including the Bank and Curricabark rivers, before reaching its confluence with the Manning River, near Bretti. The river descends 1,240 m over its 148 km course.</p><br>
<p>The river was first explored in 1825 by European explorer Henry Dangar, and named by Thomas Mitchell in honour of Lt. Col. Andrew Barnard.</p><br>
<h3>River diversion</h3><br>
<p>The Barnard River Scheme, an inter-basin water transfer system, enables the transfer of up to 20,000 ML of water per annum from the Barnard River and the upper catchment of the Manning River into the Hunter River. The diversion involves the transfer of water from Orham Dam, impounded at Barnard Weir, and pumped over the Mount Royal Range and gravity fed into the Glenbawn Dam. The diverted water then feeds into the Hunter River above its confluence with the Goulburn River. Water is accessed from the Barnard River to meet any shortfall from the Hunter River system in order to feed Plashett Dam and Lake Liddell, that are needed for the cooling of the Bayswater and Liddell electric power stations. The scheme operates under a water licence issued by the NSW Government to Macquarie Generation.</p><br>
<p>Beardy River, a perennial river that is part of the Murray–Darling basin, is located in the New England region of New South Wales, Australia.</p><br>
<h2>Course</h2><br>
<p>The river rises 14 km north–north–west of Deepwater and flows south–west, west–north–west and then north–north-west, before its confluence with the Dumaresq River, about 16 km south–east of Bonshaw. The river generally runs south of Torrington State Recreation Area, descending 675 m over its 90 km course.</p><br>
<h2>Wildlife in Beardy River region</h2><br>
<p>The Beardy River region, particularly the Beardy River Hill Catchment Management Authority sub-region, is rich in rare flora and fauna. Endangered plants such as the MacNutt&#39;s wattle, velvet wattle and Torrington pea have been found here. The area is also home to endangered birds such as the glossy black-cockatoo, brown treecreeper, swift parrot, square-tailed kite and barking owl. The area also has a few marsupials, including the spotted-tailed quoll, squirrel glider and koala.</p><br>
<p>Belubula River, a perennial river that is part of the Lachlan catchment within the Murray–Darling basin, is located in the central west region of New South Wales, Australia.</p><br>
<h2>Location and features</h2><br>
<p>The river rises south of Vittoria, midway between Bathurst and Orange and generally flows south and west, joined by eight minor tributaries, flowing through Carcoar Lake where its flow is regulated, before reaching its mouth at the Lachlan River, east of Gooloogong; dropping 674 m over its course of 165 km.</p><br>
<p>The name is derived from the Australian Aboriginal meaning for stony river or big lagoon. The original inhabitants of the land alongside the Belubula River are the Australian Aborigines of the Wiradjuri clan.</p><br>
<p>Towns on the Belubula River, from its source towards its mouth, include Blayney, Carcoar, and Canowindra.</p><br>
<p>The New South Wales government has begun the second stage of investigations into a potential new dam of up to 700 gigalitres at Cranky Rock on the Belubula River.</p><br>
<p>Carcoar Belubula River 002.JPGBelubula River, in Carcoar</p><br>
<p>CarcoarDam.jpgCarcoar Dam, on the Belubula River</p><br>
<p>Carcoar Belubula River Bridge 001.JPGWooden bridge over the Belubula River, in Carcoar</p><br>
<p>Bermagui River is an open and trained semi-mature wave dominated barrier estuary or perennial river located in the South Coast region of New South Wales, Australia.</p><br>
<h2>Course and features</h2><br>
<p>Formed by the confluence of the Coolagolite Creek and Nutleys Creek, near Bermagui South, the Bermagui River flows generally east, before reaching its mouth into the Tasman Sea of the South Pacific Ocean near Bermagui. The river descends 26 m over its 7 km course.</p><br>
<p>The catchment area of the river is 83 km&sup2; with a volume of 2,160 ML over a surface area of 2.2 km&sup2, at an average depth of 1.1 m.</p><br>
<p>The name of the river is derived from the Aboriginal Dyirringanj word, spelled variously as permageua and bermaguee, meaning a canoe with paddles.</p><br>
<p>Boonoo Boonoo River, a watercourse of the Clarence River catchment, is located in the Northern Tablelands district of New South Wales, Australia.</p><br>
<h2>Course and features</h2><br>
<p>Boonoo Boonoo River rises on the slopes of the Great Dividing Range, near Boonoo Boonoo and Mount Lindesay Highway, and flows generally northeast, joined by seven minor tributaries before reaching its confluence with the Maryland River, east of Rivertree. The river descends 706 m over its 44 km course; and flows through the Bald Rock National Park and the Boonoo Boonoo National Park, descending through Boonoo Boonoo Falls in its upper reaches.</p><br>
<p>The name Boonoo Boonoo is derived from the Aboriginal phrase meaning "poor country with no animals to provide food".</p><br>
<p>Brogo River, a perennial river that is part of the Bega River catchment, is located in the South Coast region of New South Wales, Australia.</p><br>
<h2>Course and features</h2><br>
<p>Brogo River rises below the Wadbilliga Range, that is part of the Great Dividing Range, within the Wadbilliga National Park, 15 km west of Cobargo and flows generally southeast, joined by eight minor tributaries, before reaching its confluence with the Bega River near Bega. The river descends 600 m over its 80 km course.</p><br>
<p>At an elevation of 112 m, Brogo River is impounded by Brogo Dam to form Brogo Reservoir, a reservoir with a capacity of 8,980 ML, that is used for environmental flows, hydro-power generation, irrigation, and water supply.</p><br>
<p>West of Mumbulla Mountain and within Brogo Pass, the Princess Highway crosses the Brogo River.</p><br>
<p>Buckenbowra River, a perennial river of the Clyde River catchment, is located in the upper ranges of the South Coast region of New South Wales, Australia.</p><br>
<h2>Course and features</h2><br>
<p>Buckenbowra River rises on the eastern slopes of the Great Dividing Range within Monga National Park, approximately 1.6 km northeast of the village of Monga, flows through a series of heavily wooded gorges, joined by two minor tributaries, before reaching its confluence with the Clyde River within Clyde River National Park, around 5 km from the town of Batemans Bay. The river descends 598 m over its 42 km course.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The traditional custodians of the land surrounding Buckenbowra River are the Indigenous Australian people of the Walbanja clan.</p><br>
<p>European settlement occurred in the 1830s when a horse trail was established running beside the waterway. In the 1850s this rough track was replaced with a convict-built road, supported in cuttings by dry stone walls. The road was abandoned during the nineteenth century, with one forgotten 770 m section rediscovered in 2005.</p><br>
<h2>Flora and fauna</h2><br>
<p>The gorges through which the Buckenbowra River flows are dominated by stands of casuarina trees. Mangroves are endemic along the river banks, providing the only recorded habitat for the lichen Pertusaria melaleucoides.</p><br>
<p>Fish species include Australian grayling and Australian bass.</p><br>
<p>The Coolumbooka River, a perennial river of the Snowy River catchment, is located in the Monaro region of New South Wales, Australia.</p><br>
<h2>Course and features</h2><br>
<p>The Coolumbooka River is formed by the confluence of the Badgerys Creek and the Horseys Swamp Creek in a swampy area, located approximately 10 km east northeast of the village of Cathcart. The river flows generally west southwest, joined by one minor tributary before reaching its confluence with the Bombala River near the town of Bombala. The river descends 105 m over its 26 km course, flowing through the northern boundary of the Coolumbooka Nature Reserve.</p><br>
<p>The river is impounded by Coolumbooka Weir that provides water supply to the town of Bombala.</p><br>
<p>Cooplacurripa River, a perennial river of the Manning River catchment, is located in the Northern Tablelands and Mid North Coast districts of New South Wales, Australia.</p><br>
<h2>Course and features</h2><br>
<p>Cooplacurripa River rises on the eastern slopes of the Great Dividing Range, southeast of Branga Plain, south of Walcha, and flows generally southeast by south, joined by two tributaries including the Mummel River and Walcrow River, before reaching its confluence with the Manning River, north of Gloucester. The river descends 1,120 m over its 79 km course.</p><br>
<p>Land adjacent to the Cooplacurripa River is principally used as grazing for beef cattle. The 22,560 hectare cattle station, Cooplacurripa, situated on the Cooplacurripa River, was formerly owned by the Australian Agricultural Company.</p><br>
<p>Cooplacurripa River falls within the Northern NSW Trout Waters and includes the whole of the waters of the river, its creeks and tributaries upstream from its junction with, and including, the Mummel River.</p><br>
<p>Duckmaloi River, a perennial stream that is part of the Macquarie catchment within the Murray–Darling basin, is located in the Central Tablelands region of New South Wales, Australia.</p><br>
<p>The Duckmaloi River rises on the western slopes of the Great Dividing Range east of Shooters Hill, and flows generally to the north by east, where it forms its confluence with the Fish River near Oberon; dropping 265 m over the course of its 27 km length.</p><br>
<p>A small weir on the river, called the Duckmaloi Weir, forms part of the Fish River Water Supply Scheme and was constructed during 1963. The Scheme supplies water to Oberon and Lithgow Councils and the Sydney Catchment Authority for town water supplies, as well as Wallerawang and Mount Piper power stations owned by Delta Electricity for power generation purposes. The waters surrounding the weir are a site for a large platypus colony.</p><br>
<p>Gara River, a perennial river that is a tributary of the Macleay River, is located in the Northern Tablelands region of New South Wales, Australia.</p><br>
<h2>Course and features</h2><br>
<p>The river rises at the junction of the southern slopes of the Great Dividing Range and the Ben Lomond Range, near Llangothlin, and flows generally south and southeast, joined by four minor tributaries, until the river reaches a junction with Salisbury Waters within Oxley Wild Rivers National Park and descends to its confluence with the Macleay River, below Blue Nobby Mountain, south east of Armidale. The river descends 892 m over its 91 km course and is impounded by Guyra Dam and Malpas Reservoir.</p><br>
<p>In its lower reaches, the Gara River is transversed by the Waterfall Way.</p><br>
<p>Gloucester River, a perennial river and major tributary of the Manning River catchment, is located in the Upper Hunter district of New South Wales, Australia.</p><br>
<h2>Course and features</h2><br>
<p>Gloucester River rises within Gloucester Tops, on the eastern slopes of the Great Dividing Range, north northwest of Dungog, and flows generally east northeast, joined by six tributaries including the Avon, Barrington, and Bowman rivers, before reaching its confluence with the Manning River, west of Wingham. The river descends 1,150 m over its 102 km course.</p><br>
<p>The headwaters of the river originate in the World Heritage Barrington Tops region, flowing through the Barrington Tops National Park comprising Antarctic Beech and Southern Sassafras high altitude rainforest. In the middle and lower reaches, the river flows through subtropical rainforest that includes Red Cedar and Rosewood trees.</p><br>
<p>Goobarragandra River, a perennial stream that is part of the Murrumbidgee catchment within the Murray–Darling basin, is located in the Snowy Mountains region of New South Wales, Australia.</p><br>
<h2>Course and features</h2><br>
<p>The river rises on the north western side of the Fiery Range in the Snowy Mountains at 1,330 m and flows generally north west, joined by five minor tributaries towards its mouth at the confluence with the Tumut River at Tumut; dropping 1,060 m over the course of the river&#39;s length of 56 km.</p><br>
<p>The river flows through the town of Goobarragandra; and the Hume and Hovell Walking Track follows the river for a short duration, about 10 km south of Tumut.</p><br>
<p>There are large waterfalls and rapids along this river. There are "camping" spots along the Goobarragandra River as well.</p><br>
<p>The Jooriland River, a perennial river that is part of the Hawkesbury-Nepean catchment, is located in the Central Tablelands and Macarthur regions of New South Wales, Australia.</p><br>
<h2>Course and features</h2><br>
<p>The Jooriland River rises in Bindook Highlands on the eastern slopes of the Great Dividing Range below Mount Egan west of the Yerranderie State Conservation Area, and flows in a meandering course generally east, joined by one minor tributary, before reaching its confluence with the Wollondilly River west of the Nattai Tableland upstream of Lake Burragorang. The river descends 434 m over its 17.5 km course.</p><br>
<p>In its lower reaches, the river adjoins the Nattai National Park, part of the Greater Blue Mountains Area World Heritage Site.</p><br>
<p>The Kowmung River , a perennial river that is part of the Hawkesbury-Nepean catchment, is located in the Central Tablelands region of New South Wales, Australia.</p><br>
<h2>Course and features</h2><br>
<p>The Kowmung River is formed by the confluence of the Tuglow and Hollanders rivers near the locality of Tuglow, east southeast of the village of Shooters Hill. The river flows generally southeast and northeast, joined by seven minor tributaries, before reaching its confluence with the Coxs River west of Mount Cookem. The river descends 816 m over its 74 km course.</p><br>
<p>Approximately seventy per cent of the river&#39;s catchment lies within the boundaries of the Blue Mountains and Kanangra-Boyd national parks.</p><br>
<p>Much of the surrounding country is rugged, with steep cliffs and gorges. It is mostly covered by eucalyptus forest with some rainforest in deep ravines. The river is possibly home to the threatened Macquarie perch (Macquaria australasica), while the surrounds are home to the endangered species the brush-tailed rock wallaby (Petrogale penicillata), stuttering frog and south-eastern petaltail. Endangered flora found include Hakea dohertyi, Trachymene saniculifolia and Diuris aequalis.</p><br>
<h2>Nomenclature</h2><br>
<p>The river&#39;s name appears to be derived from the local Aboriginal word gummung meaning "sore eyes", likely a term for the condition trachoma. This is possibly because a plant, Centipeda cunninghamii, used by the local people to cure the condition grew along the riverbanks. Surveyor H.C. White recorded the Kowmung name in 1833; however, the Gandangara people called the river Barnalay elsewhere along its course.</p><br>
<p>In his attempt to cross the Blue Mountains in 1802, Francis Barrallier came to the river and followed it to Christys Creek before turning back due to a lack of supplies. Following in Barrallier&#39;s footsteps in 1806, George Caley came to the river and named it the Dryander.</p><br>
<p>Mann River, a perennial stream of the Clarence River catchment, is located in the Northern Rivers district of New South Wales, Australia.</p><br>
<h2>Course and features</h2><br>
<p>Mann River rises at Llangothlin Lake, on the slopes of the Great Dividing Range, near Ben Lomond and flows generally north north east, east, north east and north, joined by four tributaries including the Nymboida River, Henry River and Yarrow River, before reaching its confluence with the Clarence River, southwest of Baryulgil. The river descends 1,370 m over its 238 km course; and flows through the Mann River Nature Reserve.</p><br>
<p>The river is believed to be named in honour of Samuel Furneaux Mann, who held a squatting licence for a short time in the region northwest of Glen Innes.</p><br>
<p>The Mowamba River, a perennial river of the Snowy River catchment, is located in the Snowy Mountains region of New South Wales, Australia.</p><br>
<h2>Course and features</h2><br>
<p>The Mowamba River rises within The Snowy Mountains Range, part of the Great Dividing Range, contained within the Kosciuszko National Park, on the northeastern slopes of Mount Terrible. The river flows generally south then northeast by east, joined by two minor tributaries, before reaching its confluence with the Snowy River approximately 2 km south of Jindabyne, in the Jinadbyne Gorge. The river descends 507 m over its 32 km course.</p><br>
<h3>Water management</h3><br>
<p>Water from the Mowamba River is diverted to Jindabyne Dam via the Mowamba weir and aqueduct; that is part of the Snowy Mountains Scheme.</p><br>
<p>On 28 August 2002, the Mowamba Weir was "turned out" allowing environmental water to over top the weir. Environmental water releases occurred until January 2006. Since January 2006, environmental water releases to the Snowy River have occurred from Jindabyne Dam as the infrastructure upgrades to the dam wall had been completed.</p><br>
<p>The Mulwaree River, a perennial river that is part of the Hawkesbury-Nepean catchment, is located in the Southern Tablelands region of New South Wales, Australia.</p><br>
<h2>Course and features</h2><br>
<p>The Mulwaree River rises east of the Lake George Escarpment, below Mount Fairy, near the locality of Hammonds Hill, and flows generally north northeast, joined by two minor tributaries, before reaching its confluence with the Wollondilly River at North Goulburn. The river descends 218 m over its 66 km course.</p><br>
<p>Tributaries include Bongaralaby Creek and Crisps Creek.</p><br>
<p>The Mulwaree and its associated wetlands are important breeding grounds and drought refuge for Australian birds. These wetlands are listed on the directory of Important Wetlands of Australia.</p><br>
<p>Murrah River is an open mature wave dominated barrier estuary or perennial river located in the South Coast region of New South Wales, Australia.</p><br>
<h2>Course and features</h2><br>
<p>Formed by the confluence of the Mumbulla Creek and Dry River, approximately 10 km southeast by south of Quaama, the Murrah River flows generally east, before flowing into Murrah Lagoon and reaching its mouth into the Tasman Sea of the South Pacific Ocean north of Murrah Beach. The length of the course of the river varies between 15 km and 44 km.</p><br>
<p>The catchment area of the river is 196 km&sup2; with a volume of 500 ML over a surface area of 0.8 km&sup2, at an average depth of 0.7 m.</p><br>
<p>The Princes Highway crosses Murrah River south of Cobargo.</p><br>
<p>The Nadgee River is a mature intermittently closed saline coastal lagoon; or perennial river located in the South Coast region of New South Wales, Australia.</p><br>
<h2>Course and features</h2><br>
<p>Nadgee River rises on the southern slopes of Mount Nadgee within the Nadgee Nature Reserve in remote country near the boundary between New South Wales and Victoria; located about 6 km northwest by west of Mount Victoria. The river flows generally east, joined by two minor tributaries before reaching its mouth with the Tasman Sea of the South Pacific Ocean, west northwest of Black Head, north of Cape Howe. The river descends 319 m over its 21 km course.</p><br>
<p>The catchment area of the river is 58.8 km&sup2; with a volume of 89.6 ML over a surface area of 0.3 km&sup2, at an average depth of 0.5 m.</p><br>
<p>The Nullica River is an intermittently closed semi-mature saline coastal lagoon or perennial river, located in the South Coast region of New South Wales, Australia.</p><br>
<h2>Course and features</h2><br>
<p>The Nullica River rises below Nullica Hill within Nullica State Forest, approximately 11 km west of Eden, The river flows generally east southeast, joined by one minor tributary, before reaching its mouth and emptying into Nullica Bay, within Twofold Bay, and spilling into the Tasman Sea of the South Pacific Ocean, east of Nullica. The river descends 137 m over its 11 km course.</p><br>
<p>The catchment area of the river is 55 km&sup2; with a volume of 176 ML over a surface area of 0.3 km&sup2, at an average depth of 0.6 m.</p><br>
<p>West of the river&#39;s mouth, the Princes Highway crosses the Nullica River.</p><br>
<p>Oaky River, a perennial stream of the Macleay River catchment, is located in the Northern Tablelands district of New South Wales, Australia.</p><br>
<h2>Course and features</h2><br>
<p>Oaky River rises on the southern slopes of Round Mountain, the highest peak of the Snowy Range, a spur of the Great Dividing Range south southwest of Ebor, and flows generally southwest, joined by one minor tributary before reaching its confluence with the Chandler River, southwest of Jeogla. The river descends 881 m over its 51 km course; rapidly descending into a deep gorge where it meets the Chandler River.</p><br>
<p>The upper reaches of Oaky River are transversed by the Waterfall Way between Wollomombi and Ebor.</p><br>
<p>Oaky River and its tributaries are trout streams and platypus may be sighted in the waters.</p><br>
<h3>Reservoir</h3><br>
<p>The river is impounded by Oaky River Dam, located approximately 40 km from Armidale. At capacity, the dam covers around 42 hectare and holds 2,780 ML of water. A hydroelectric power station is located at the dam and the flow of water is used to generate electricity. The power station has five turbines that generate 12 MW. Zihni Buzo OAM, an Albanian refugee and Harvard-educated civil engineer and the father of Australian playwright, Alex Buzo, was the leading engineer on the construction of the dam and hydroelectric scheme.</p><br>
<p>This dam burst in February 2013 and is no longer viable.</p><br>
<p>Tia River, a perennial stream of the Macleay River catchment, is located in the Northern Tablelands district of New South Wales, Australia.</p><br>
<h2>Course and features</h2><br>
<p>The river rises below Mount Grundy on the eastern slopes of the Great Dividing Range southwest of Tia, and flows generally northeast before reaching its confluence with the Apsley River, northwest of Tia. The river descends 905 m over its 52 km course; spilling over the Tia Falls in the Oxley Wild Rivers National Park.</p><br>
<p>The river is transversed by the Oxley Highway.</p><br>
<p>Previously the river was known as Crimps Creek and also Crokers River which John Oxley had named this stream, in honour of the First Secretary of the Admiralty.</p><br>
<p>The country above the Tia Falls is a rich grazing area used for rearing livestock. The upper parts of the Tia River have remarkable cool temperate rainforests, with unusual species such as Southern Sassafras, White Mountain Banksia and Black Olive Berry.</p><br>
<p>Tia River is a general trout stream.</p><br>
<p>Atherosperma Tia River Mount Grundy.jpgCool temperate rainforest at the head of the Tia River.</p><br>
<p>The Tonalli River, a perennial river that is part of the Hawkesbury-Nepean catchment, is located in the Blue Mountains region of New South Wales, Australia.</p><br>
<h2>Course and features</h2><br>
<p>The Tonalli River rises on the eastern alopes of Mount Marrup within the Tonalli Range in remote country within the Greater Blue Mountains Area World Heritage Site, and flows generally east southeast, east northeast, and then east southeast, before reaching its confluence with the Wollondilly River within Lake Burragorang in Yerranderie State Conservation Area. The river descends 559 m over its 26 km course.</p><br>
<p>The river flows through parts of the Nattai and Kanangra-Boyd national parks and is a source of water for the Sydney region.</p><br>
<p>The Towamba River is an open mature wave dominated barrier estuary or perennial river, located in the South Coast region of New South Wales, Australia.</p><br>
<h2>Course and features</h2><br>
<p>The Towamba River rises near Coolangubra Mountain, below Mount Marshall on the eastern slopes of the South Coast Range, part of the Great Dividing Range, approximately 9 km north of Coolangubra Mountain. The river flows generally southeast and then northeast, joined by twelve tributaries including the Mataganah Creek and Wog Wog River, before reaching its mouth, emptying into Nullica Bay, within Twofold Bay, and spilling into the Tasman Sea of the South Pacific Ocean, east of Boydtown. The river descends 533 m over its 86 km course.</p><br>
<p>The catchment area of the river is 1,026 km&sup2; with a volume of 2,050 ML over a surface area of 2.0 km&sup2, at an average depth of 1.1 m.</p><br>
<p>At the locality of Kiah, the Princes Highway crosses the Towamba River.</p><br>
<p>The river flows through extensive parts of the South East Forest National Park in its upper reaches. In its lower reaches, the river forms the northern boundary of Mount Imlay National Park.</p><br>
<p>The Tuross River, an open semi-mature wave dominated barrier estuary or perennial stream, is located in the South Coast region of New South Wales, Australia.</p><br>
<h2>Course and features</h2><br>
<p>Tuross River rises of the eastern slopes of the Kybeyan Range, part of the Great Dividing Range, below Mount Kydra on the western edge of Wadbilliga National Park, not far from Cooma. The river flows generally north, east and northeast, joined by fourteen tributaries including the Back and Wadbilliga rivers, before spilling into Tuross Lake and reaching its mouth at the Tasman Sea of the South Pacific Ocean at Tuross Heads. The river descends 1,170 m over its 147 km course.</p><br>
<p>The catchment area of the river is 1,814 km&sup2; with a volume of 18,208 ML over a surface area of 15.5 km&sup2, at an average depth of 1.2 m.</p><br>
<p>North of the town of Bodalla, the Princes Highway crosses the Tuross River.</p><br>
<p>Tuross Head Aerial.JPGAn aerial view of Tuross Head, with Tuross Lake to the right, and the estuarine Tuross River to the left, 2008.</p><br>
<p>TurossHead.JPGTuross River mouth, at Tuross Head, 2008.</p><br>
<p>Wallamba River, a watercourse of the Mid-Coast Council system, is located in the Mid North Coast district of New South Wales, Australia.</p><br>
<h2>Course and features</h2><br>
<p>Wallamba River rises on the northern slopes of Kyle Range, near the locality of Gangat. The river flows generally east and then south, joined by five minor tributaries, before reaching its confluence with the Coolongolook River at Wallis Lake; descending 271 m over its 72 km course.</p><br>
<p>The river is transversed by the Pacific Highway south of Nabiac.</p><br>
<p>At one stage, a riverboat milk pick up service operated for the dairy farmers who farmed along the banks of the river. This service was discontinued in the mid 1970s due to economic reasons. Road milk tankers were then used to pick up from the farms.</p><br>
<p>Water skiing and fishing is popular along the Wallamba.</p><br>
<p>Wollomombi River, a perennial stream of the Macleay River catchment, is located in the Northern Tablelands district of New South Wales, Australia.</p><br>
<h2>Course and features</h2><br>
<p>Wollomombi River rises on the eastern slopes of Chandlers Peak in the Great Dividing Range, southeast of Guyra, and flows generally southerly, joined by one minor tributary and tumbling over the Wollomombi Falls before reaching its confluence with the Chandler River, near the village of Wollomombi, south of the Cunnawarra National Park, within the Oxley Wild Rivers National Park. The river descends 606 m over its 65 km course; through a number of spectacular gorges and waterfalls in the Oxley Wild Rivers National Park.</p><br>
<p>At the Wollomombi Falls lookout there are scenic gorge rim walks and a steep track that takes you down to the Chandler River.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>In December 1904 two teenagers were drowned while bathing in the Wollomombi River. Another lady almost drowned while attempting to rescue them.</p><br>
<p>Beef cattle and sheep are reared on the upper reaches of the river.</p><br>
